Stop Using Self-Signed Certificates

The growth of digital threats has made our need for security more pervasive. Where possible, we try to use active schemes. However, private key infrastructure and certificates serve a powerful purpose and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. As threats grow, we as systems administrators need to improve the way that we protect against them. This article starts a series on PKI and related certificates with a call to action: stop using self-signed certificates.

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How to Determine if an EXE is 32-bit or 64-bit

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While not terribly common, sometimes you need to know the “bitness” of an executable (32-bit or 64-bit). The sudden growth of architectures besides traditional x86 and x64 (ARM, etc.) has introduced a related need to know the processor that an executable targets. Every EXE file has this information embedded in a common, easily read location. Oddly, Windows has no built-in tools to view it easily. Reviewing the available options, it seems like someone thinks that only a software developer or security researcher would ever want to know if a particular program can run on a given CPU. I built a PowerShell script that will read the necessary information from a Windows EXE (or DLL) to determine its bitness and the target CPU.

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How to Configure Visual Studio 2022 to Use C++ Standard Library Modules

The C++20 standard introduced modules. This feature enhances the language by reducing reliance on header files. Visual Studio 2022’s Visual C++ projects have built-in support for modules. However, they don’t automatically provide access to modularized versions of the standard library headers. This article shows a quick way to configure Visual Studio 2022 to use C++ standard library modules.

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Should Server Administrators Learn to Code?

Most yes/no questions in server administration have the wonderfully vague answer of “it depends”. This question, however, does not. Unequivocally: yes, server administrators should learn to code. If you got into this line of work because you enjoy computing but don’t want to program, take heart. You do not need to achieve anything like the proficiency of a full-time software developer. Also, “coding” might not mean what you expect.

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How to Change the Windows Server Activation Mechanism

The situation that prompted this article involved a Windows Server Standard Edition virtual machine that was migrated from a Windows Server Datacenter host to a Windows Server Standard Edition host. On the source host, the guest had used Automatic Virtual Machine Activation. That feature only exists on Datacenter Edition, so the virtual machine immediately went into an unactivated state. I switched it to Volume Licensing. However, the method that I used works to change the Windows Server activation mechanism from any mode to any other eligible mode.

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Decision Making for Server Administrators and System Architects

In a perfect world, server administrators would only need to install, maintain, and troubleshoot hardware and software. We would have access to detailed manuals, walkthroughs, and capable support staff. Employers would give us the freedom we need to select and deploy the best options. Industries and verticals would have standardized on the most superior solutions, and each would accept and integrate public suggestions and solutions. We don’t live in that world. Instead, we deal with conflicting information, politically driven decisions, substandard products, incompetent vendors, and outsized egos. We have fought these problems since the beginning of our professional, and we will always struggle against them. Unfortunately, the battle has brought about poor solutions. This article discusses the challenges and provides a sustainable framework of decision making for server administrators and system architects.

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How to Install Windows Server 2022

Whether setting up a lab or deploying into production, server administrators need to gain comfort with the installation process for Windows Server. This article specifically shows how to install Windows Server 2022. The process has not had much more than cosmetic changes for about a decade. These directions start at the beginning and go through fundamental post-install steps.

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How to Build a Home Lab for Learning Server Administration

Every new field we explore starts with the same basic question: “Where do I start?” Many of us worked with home computers before moving into the world of professional IT. The lucky ones enjoyed a smooth ramp-up. As the field continues to expand and consumer-grade systems require less knowledge to use, that transition becomes rougher. Furthermore, companies have long viewed technical staff as somewhat interchangeable, so they dislike hiring employees that require foundational training. Once upon a time, many companies would assign new hires to front-line help desk roles and allow them to grow into other roles. Nowadays, most treat IT positions like treadmills; an employee starts, works for a while, and then quits or gets fired. Employers expect applicants to show up with the skills necessary to succeed in the job. That means that if you want to improve your chances of finding a satisfying server administrator job without years of hopping through entry-level positions until you find an employer that will train you, you need to take matters into your own hands. You can take the formal education route, if you have the time and money. Either way, having a home lab will never hurt you. Let’s look at some tips to help you get going.

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How to Submit an Effective Trouble Ticket

This site focuses on systems administrators, but everyone at every level, technical or not, needs to report problems. As the first point of contact, your trouble ticket (or e-mail, or problem report, or service ticket, or helpdesk request, or whatever your organization might call it) sets the tone for the future interactions necessary to get that problem solved. When you submit an effective trouble ticket, you increase your chances of skipping unnecessary intermediary steps and reaching resolution faster.

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DNS is the Problem

For our blog’s inaugural article, we chose one of the most common, yet vexing problems that new administrators encounter: DNS misconfiguration (domain name system). Many of us stumbled our way through these problems in the early days of TCP/IP emergence as the dominant network stack. We mainly knew of DNS from working with our Internet service providers at home. That knowledge was incomplete, so we could not fully understand the situations that greeted us in business environments. The struggle was so pervasive that I once saw someone say, “The answer is DNS; the question is irrelevant.” Over twenty years after I learned the rest of the story (the hard way, of course), new administrators still make the same mistakes.

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